Salvador de Madariaga (1886–1978), a Spaniard, was an engineer, journalist, diplomat, novelist, poet, and historian who wrote more than twenty books. Twice nominated for the Nobel Prize—once for his contributions to literature, and once for his contributions to peace—Madariaga served as chairman of the Council of the League of Nations and Spanish ambassador to the United States. He was a professor at Oxford University and co-authored the famous Oxford Manifesto on liberalism. Madariaga won the Charlemagne Prize for his work on European unification in 1973.